Hernias: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

Overexerting yourself can sometimes lead to a sore muscle or minor strain.
But in more serious cases, it can cause a hernia, a condition that might
require surgery.

Here's what to know about hernias, including the different types, what
causes them, how they’re treated, and how to prevent them.

What’s a hernia?

A

hernia

occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot in the
muscle or tissue that’s supposed to hold it in place. Most hernias develop
in the abdominal cavity.

Hernias are common and can affect people of all ages. In many cases, hernias
are caused by strain or pressure on the body over time, but some can be
present from birth.

Types of hernias

The most common hernia is an

inguinal hernia, which makes up about three-quarters of all

abdominal hernias. This type of hernia happens when part of the intestines pushes through the
lower abdominal wall, often into the groin area.

Other types of hernias include:

• Femoral
hernias, which are more common in people assigned female at
birth. They involve fatty tissue or intestines poking into the groin at
thigh level.

• Obturator
hernias, which are more rare. They are mostly found in people
who have had multiple pregnancies or lost significant weight.

• Umbilical
hernias occur when the intestines bulge through the abdominal
wall near the belly button. In children, they usually occur when the muscle
around the belly button does not close completely after birth and may go
away as the abdominal wall muscles get stronger. Causes of them in adults
include obesity, pregnancy, and fluid in the abdomen.

• Incisional
hernias, which are the result of surgery weakening the
abdominal wall or infection stopping a surgical wound from closing.

• Hiatal
hernias occur when part of the stomach pushes through the
diaphragm into the chest. These can lead to symptoms of acid reflux.

Causes and risk factors

Hernias can result from a combination of muscle weakness and strain. Some
people are born with weak muscles, while others develop the weakness over
time.

Hernias may be caused by:

• Heavy lifting or intense physical activity
• Straining during bowel movement
• Persistent coughing
• Pregnancy or weight gain that puts pressure on the abdomen

Risk factors that increase your chances of developing a hernia include
smoking, chronic constipation, obesity, aging, and a history of abdominal or
pelvic surgeries.

Symptoms

Most hernias first present themselves as

a small bulge

in the lower abdomen. It may only be noticeable when you put stress on the
area, which may also cause pain.

Hiatal hernias may not cause a visible bulge, but can trigger heartburn,
chest pain, nausea, or a sour taste from acid reflux.

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In rare but serious cases, the weakness or tear in the muscle or tissue may
get big enough that the small intestine gets stuck in it. That’s called
strangulation and requires immediate attention. Symptoms include severe
pain, vomiting, and the inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement.

Diagnosis

Doctors typically

diagnose hernias

through a physical exam and may order imaging tests to confirm the type and
severity.

Some hernias can be managed with monitoring or nonsurgical options. These
include wearing a support belt, preventing constipation by making dietary
changes, avoiding large meals, and performing targeted exercises to
strengthen surrounding muscles.

However, the only permanent fix is surgery. Many hernias can be repaired
using minimally invasive

laparoscopic techniques. In more severe cases, open surgery may be necessary.

How to prevent a hernia

Not all hernias are preventable, but there are many steps you can take to
lower your risk. They include:

• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Avoiding smoking
• Exercising regularly to

build core strength
• Using

proper lifting techniques

by bending at the knees and lifting with your legs, not your back
• Treating constipation early and avoiding straining in the bathroom
• Talking to your doctor if you frequently strain to urinate
• Seeing a doctor if a chronic cough persists

The main takeaway

Hernias are most often the result of a strain or weakened muscles. While
they may be common, hernias shouldn’t be ignored. Some are minor and
manageable, but others can lead to serious complications if left untreated.
If you notice a bulge or feel discomfort in your abdomen or groin, talk to
your doctor.